In the Swiss Cheese Model of Defenses, what are active failures attributed to?

Active failures in the Swiss Cheese Model of Defenses are primarily attributed to people. This model illustrates how active failures occur at the sharp end of operations, where operators and individuals work. These failures are often the result of human actions or decisions that can lead to errors or accidents.

In this model, each layer of cheese represents a line of defense against hazards, and holes in the cheese signify weaknesses in these defenses. Active failures happen when individuals make mistakes, such as lapses in judgment, procedural violations, or failure to follow safety protocols, which can allow hazards to slip through the layers of defense.

Understanding that human error is a significant contributing factor helps organizations focus on training, procedures, and culture to improve safety outcomes. By addressing the role of people in active failures, organizations can implement strategies to minimize risks effectively.